Plants That Grow in Clumps Close to the Ground as an Adaptation

Adaptations

• For plants to survive in the harsh climatic conditions found in the tundra and alpine regions, they must resist both cold temperatures and strong winds. Many species accomplish this by growing close together in low clumps. This growth pattern helps the plants stand up to the particles of ice and snow carried by wind and resist the damage caused by high wind speed. Such plants also tend to grow in compact, dense forms. Other common adaptations of such plants include thick, succulent foliage that retain moisture in times of drought, the ability to thrive in dry, sandy, rocky and poor soils, and small leaves that withstand the intense sunlight of high elevations.

Shrubs

• A few low-growing shrubs thrive in alpine conditions. The arctic willow (Salix artica) only grows to about 6 inches tall. It has pubescent, or hairy, foliage that provides a protective layer against frost and snow, reflects sunlight and break the flow of wind across the leaves, which decreases moisture loss. The arctic willow grows further north than any other woody perennial, according to the University of Minnesota. The subalpine laurel (Kalmia microphylla) is related to the many laurel shrubs that are grown as ornamentals across much of the United States. However, this tiny shrub grows to less than 8 inches tall. It has tiny leaves and produces pink to purple flowers.

Flowers

• The common primrose (Primula spp.) is native to alpine climates but is grown as an ornamental flower in many regions of the U.S. These small annuals grow in low clumps, from 2 to 24 inches tall and 8 to 30 inches wide, and produce single or double blossoms in a wide range of colors, from deep purple to pale yellow. Primroses thrive in cool, shady, moist sites. The moss campion (Silene acaulis) grows in a low, clumping mat. Not only does has this tundra plant adapted through its growth pattern, it also tends to grow on top of rocks, which collect heat during the day and create slightly warmer microclimates. This moss-like ground cover blooms with tiny, purple flowers that reach about .3 inches in diameter.

Lichens and Mats

• Alpine and tundra regions are populated by many species of lichens. In alpine forests, lichen often grow on living trees, fallen logs or rocks, while in the treeless tundra, they are confined to the ground. Lichens consist of an algae and a fungus that act together as one plant. They can have stalks, like the common reindeer lichen (Cladonia spp.) and leaf-like structures or grow in a thin, crust-like form. In contrast, mats or cushion plants like the alpine azalea (Loiseleuria procumbens) grow in dense clumps of tiny, evergreen plants. These ground covers form thick mats of vegetation; the plants in the middle receive the most protection, while plants on the outer ring often experience cold and wind damage.