How to Improve Soil for Planting a Garden

Take a soil test to find out what nutrients are needed for the type of plants you are planting. Lawn grass will have different nutrient requirements than a vegetable garden, so a soil test is the only way to know what you need for optimal plant growth. Too much of any soil amendment damages the soil and can prevent production for a year or more. Contact your local county agricultural extension office for a soil testing kit and guidance. Soil testing kits also are available at your local garden center or online, but the results are not as extensive as those received from the county extension office.

Clear the garden or planting area of all weeds and debris, such as rocks or large pieces of organic matter. Weeds and debris harbor insect pests. Pulverize the soil to a depth of at least 10 inches, using a shovel, hoe and rake, so plants can create healthy root systems.

Add rotted organic matter, such as compost, to the soil to create drainage in tight soils and supply trace nutrients. Compost comes from rotting leaves, grass, food scraps or other decayed organic matter. Use caution, as too much organic matter makes the soil soft, causing plants to fall over in high winds or heavy rain. Also, too much compost creates problems by releasing too much phosphorus and nitrogen, which causes plants to become stunted or discolored. A soil test taken at least once a year helps avoid problems occurring from too much of any soil amendment, including compost.

Determine what other nutrients are needed for optimal soil quality and to bring the pH to an optimal level, using the soil test results. Add nitrogen at the specified rate as well as any needed phosphorus or potassium. You may need to convert an inorganic fertilizer recommendation to an organic one. Blood meal, green sand and bone meal are organic sources of nutrients commonly recommended on soil tests. Apply agricultural lime or sulfur to adjust pH as recommended. Use the correct amount per row or acre.

Work the recommended nutrients into the top 4-6 inches of soil using a shovel or rake. Rake the area smooth. The soil is ready for planting.