Since so many varieties of bamboo are available, obviously, the size of the container will vary as well. However, the majority of plants need a very large container to allow enough room for the roots to grow. Use a container that is at least three times as large as the container you bought the plant in. Use a wider pot rather than a deep pot since the roots stay close to the surface.
Bamboo loves water but not standing water. The containers for your bamboo species need to have good drainage holes to allow the extra water to flow out and some air to come in. Inspect the pot before you plant to make sure the holes are well placed on the bottom of the pot. They should be large enough to not get clogged by soil but small enough to keep the bamboo rhizomes from creeping out.
Some people prefer to grow their bamboo in containers buried under the soil to keep its rampant growth in check. Use a material that will not rot under the constantly moist conditions and choose a pot with good drainage holes. Keep the edge of the pot slightly raised above the surface of the soil by about an inch to keep the bamboo rhizomes from escaping.
Since bamboo grows in the direct sun, the type of material the plant is housed in is important. It needs to be able to withstand the heat of summer and usually the cold of winter as well. Choose a material such as wood, terra cotta, plastic or ceramic for growing your bamboo plant. A lightweight material is more suitable for larger pots that you need to move indoors in the winter.