Techniques for Growing Alfalfa Hay

Planting

• A perennial legume, alfalfa does not naturally reseed itself as many grass crops do and must be replanted every five to ten years. It can be planted in either the spring or fall, using conventional drill or no-till techniques, but it needs deep well-drained soil to flourish. The alfalfa variety should be chosen based on the crop's intended use and climate conditions. John Jennings, forage specialist of the University of Arkansas, recommends seeding alfalfa at the rate of 15 to 20 lbs. per acre depending on whether a pure stand or one mixed with grasses is desired.

Fertilizing

• Whether alfalfa is planted in the spring or fall, the soil should be tested well in advance to ensure that it is fertile. If there are deficiencies in the soil, early testing will allow time to add fertilizer for optimum growth. The pH value of the soil should be 6.5 to 7; alfalfa won't grow in soils that are too acidic. The amount of phosphorus in the soil is critical to growing alfalfa, but potash and boron are also necessary. Proper levels of potassium and nitrogen will help increase yield amounts.

Weed and Pest Control

• Alfalfa planted in the fall has fewer weed problems than a crop planted in the spring. Since weeds can reduce the amount of alfalfa produced, herbicides are a necessity. While some of these are applied prior to planting the crop, it is necessary to watch for weeds as the plants grow and spray for the type found. When it comes to pests, army worms, aphids and alfalfa weevils are the most destructive. Growers must also watch for blister beetles; this pest will make the crop unsuitable for horses.

Harvesting

• Alfalfa has the highest protein content -- greater than 18 percent -- when harvesting takes place in the bud stage. When alfalfa reaches the full bloom stage, protein content drops to less than 12 percent. Ideally, alfalfa will be leafy with a bright green color and fine, pliable stems. It will have a fresh pleasant smell and show no signs of mold. It is usually allowed to dry in the field after being cut and before baling. Four or five cuttings each year may be possible in moderate climates.