Dilute a soluble 5-10-5 fertilizer in water. Mix the fertilizer and water at half the rate recommended on the fertilizer package.
Water the barrel cactus with the diluted fertilizer. Apply the water directly to the soil around the base of the cactus and not directly onto the cactus. Apply the fertilizer until the excess liquid begins to drain from the bottom of the pot. Empty the drip tray under the pot after fertilizing.
Begin fertilizer applications in June, and continue to apply the fertilizer once a month through September. Barrel cacti become semi-dormant in winter and do not require fertilizing.