Ultrasonic devices emit a high-frequency sound that the manufacturers claim can be heard by deer and pests. This sound is meant to disorient or alarm the unwelcome animal. Subsonic devices work in the same manner, only they emit a low-frequency sound.
The hearing range of most animals is similar to that of humans. If you cannot hear a sound, usually an animal cannot, either. Their range is limited as well. At a distance of 15 feet, only half of the emitted sound can be detected; at 30 feet, no sound can be detected.
The overwhelming results of studies done on these devices by various university research scientists suggest that the devices are highly ineffective. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has required manufacturers of these devices to make refunds to consumers, contending that the manufacturers' claims amount to false advertising.