Figure out the expected diameter of the mature plants. Ground covers will be much larger and spread more, for instance, than irises. Research how many inches wide the plants will become.
Plan your garden. How full do you want it to be? You may want a full appearance, with plants and flowers growing up against each other, or you may prefer to see soil or mulch between each plant.
Add a few inches to the expected width of each plant. If it will grow to about 12 inches wide, plant the seeds 18 inches apart. This will give you a few inches on each side of the plant. If you want a thicker density, plant the seeds exactly 12 inches apart. Read the recommendations on the seed packet. Giant sunflowers, for instance, are supposed to be spaced 3 feet apart.