Put on rubber gloves to protect your hands from the chemicals in the thinset and the cleaning products you'll be using.
Hold a plastic scraper at a 45-degree angle against the stained concrete surface. Push the scraper repeatedly in one direction over the thinset residue to remove as much of it as possible then use a damp rag to wipe up the loosened debris.
Shake a layer of powdered cleanser over the floor with any remaining thinset. Push a damp sponge mop over the area to loosen and clean off the thinset. Repeat until all of the thinset has been removed from the floor.
Squirt liquid dish soap into a bucket, add water then mix well. Rinse the area with the soapy water then let it air-dry overnight.