Hold a can of air in an upright position so that the nozzle is directed into the vents. Blow out any loose dust by placing the nozzle in different locations in your vents. The pressure of the canned air can help dislodge more stubborn pieces of dirt and dust to get the vent ready for other removal methods.
Dust out the vents using a duster that can fold in on itself to get inside the small vent spaces. Choose a duster with newer technology that attracts dust to itself, not just one that will move the dust around inside the air conditioner.
Vacuum out the dust you've loosened with your vacuum cleaner. Use a small attachment that can get in as close to the vent as possible. Attachments with a brush at the end are also helpful to dislodge more dust from reachable areas of the outside of the vent.
Use a damp brush -- such as a toothbrush or test-tube cleaner -- to scrape away more stubborn dirt if it's been awhile since you've cleaned your air conditioning unit.
Spray an aerosol cleaner with a mold and mildew agent into the vents. Use short sprays, and do not soak the vents or shoot too far into the actual air conditioner itself.