Put on gloves and protective eyewear.
Fill a spray bottle with undiluted vinegar. Spray the calcium or lime scale until it is saturated. Allow the vinegar to sit for five minutes.
Scrape the scale with a plastic putty knife. If it does not break up, spray it again and let it sit for another five minutes. If the scale still does not break up, apply acetic acid, available at hardware stores, to the scale (vinegar is a diluted form of acetic acid, so it's OK to mix them). After you've scraped away as much of the scale as possible, spray the area again.
Scrub the remaining scale residue with a scrub brush.
Rinse the cinder block wall with water.
Make a paste of 2 parts baking soda to 1 part water. Scrub the wall with the paste, using a scrub brush, to neutralize the acid.
Rinse the wall again with water, and allow it to dry.