A bottleneck of ice or snow can choke a gutter system and cause a water backup. The distance the water must travel to an outlet before freezing may be too short.
Debris such as twigs, pine needles and leaves clogging the gutter's louvers can cause water backup.
Failing to clear debris on a regular basis, and especially before a big storm, can cause gutters to back up. Also, a gutter's offset fitting may be old and in need of replacement.
An insufficient downspout size or blocked downspout can make water back up from the gutter.
Not enough downspouts swiftly directing water away from your home can cause a gutter backup as well.
If one outlet is blocked the other outlet may be too far away to compensate for a backup. Downspouts spaced too far apart to suit your location's annual rainfall and temperatures can prevent water from draining properly.