2-Prong Electric Plug Wiring

Invention of the Electric Plug

• The flat-blade two-prong plug familiar to Americans essentially is the same design as the "separable attachment plug" invented by Harvey Hubbell in the early 20th century. Before Hubbell introduced his invention, electrical appliances -- which, at the time, mostly included lightbulbs -- had to be wired to a power source each time anyone wanted to use one. By the time Hubbell introduced his plug, the Westinghouse Company, which was the most important supplier of electric power in the United States, had chosen to use alternating current instead of direct current, which is more difficult to transmit. Thus, the prongs of Hubbell's plug became "hot" and "neutral" instead of "positive" and "negative."

Electric Circuit

• The power company transmits electricity along the power lines to a transformer outside your house. That transformer steps down the voltage, and power comes into the panel in the form of two hot cables at voltage of 240 volts relative to each other. That means each cable is at a voltage of only 120 volts relative to a neutral wire that runs from the panel back to the transformer. This neutral wire connects to a bus, and all 120-volt outlets in the house also connect to that bus. Therefore, the 120-volt circuit you plug into consists of a wire from one of the hot buses and a wire from the neutral bus.

Polarized Plugs

• The hot wire connects to the terminal screw on one side of an outlet, and the neutral wire connects to the screw on the other side; electricity always flows from hot to neutral. Older two-prong plugs and outlets weren't polarized, meaning you could insert the plug either way into the outlet and change the direction of the electricity flow through your appliance. This can damage modern electronic equipment, however, because some components, such as diodes, are unidirectional. Contemporary plugs and outlets, therefore, have one prong bigger than the other so you can only insert the plug one way. The larger prong connects to the neutral terminal.

Grounding Pin

• One of the most important innovations to the electric plug occurred when Philip F. Labre added the ground pin in 1928. That pin connects to a ground wire, which protects users from inadvertently grounding the circuit through their bodies. Labre's design became the standard one for electrical receptacles, but many light-duty contemporary appliance and lamp plugs don't have a grounding pin. This is because the appliances and lamps are double-insulated; there is no danger of grounding one with your body. Many industrial appliances, however, such as saws and large heaters, as well as appliances intended for outdoor use, have plugs with grounding pins.