The CFL bulb is a piece of hollow glass containing coiled tungsten filaments, which glow when an electric current flows through them. The inside of the glass bulb is coated with a phosphorous substance. The light that the filaments emit is ultraviolet, which is invisible to the human eye and hazardous to human health. This on its own would make for a useless light bulb, but the phosphorous material converts the ultraviolet light into a useful, plain white light. The bulbs are named after this conversion process, which is called fluorescence.
Compared to traditional incandescent light bulbs, CFLs use up to 75 percent less energy. Because the power needed for light in an average home accounts for about 20 percent of the electric bill, this can amount to some significant energy savings. CFLs also last about 10 times longer than a traditional incandescent bulb, which means that they don't need replacing as often. This also saves you money and the time that it would take to change bulbs.
CFL bulbs contain mercury, which is a metal that is liquid at room temperature. This metal is toxic in any form but is particularly harmful if it is in particles fine enough to be inhaled. That can happen if a CFL bulb is broken. The amount of mercury in a CFL bulb is very small, but it is not an inconsiderable amount, particularly if you have pets or young children in your home. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has some guidelines that you can follow regarding safe cleanup of a broken bulb. These include ventilating the room for 15 minutes, putting on protective gloves, scooping up fragments into sealable, doubled-up plastic bags and using sticky tape to pick up smaller bits.
Because of the mercury content, safely disposing of burned-out bulbs is a concern. It's best, if possible, to not throw it in with your regular household garbage, and CFLs should not be put into an incinerator. If you must put a CFL in the trash and it's allowed by your local environmental regulatory agency, put it into two plastic bags to help with containing the mercury. Some solid waste management districts will collect hazardous waste, including CFLs, for a fee. There are also some retailers and manufacturers that accept and recycle old bulbs.