Most ceiling fans turn counterclockwise in the summertime, either to aid or replace air conditioning. Fans push warm air down from the ceiling, forcing it to mingle with cool air pooling near the floor. This evenly distributes room temperature. Though the room feels cooler, ceiling fans don't actually reduce tempreature; they create a wind-chill effect similar to riding in the car with the windows down or enjoying a cool breeze on a hot night. When air moves across your skin, it causes your perspiration to dry faster, cooling you off in the process.
Ceiling fans should turn clockwise in the wintertime. Most fans have a small switch on the base that changes the blades' direction. Carefully read the instructions for your ceiling fan before making the switch. In the clockwise direction, ceiling fans pull warm air from the lower half of the room and send it across the ceiling and back toward the floor. Warm air mixes with pockets of cool air and evens out the room temperature. In winter, keep your fan on the lowest setting to keep from feeling a wind chill.
In the summertime, run your ceiling fans along with your air conditioner for maximum cooling effect. Instead of lingering around vents and AC window units, cold air will permeate your home. Circulating cool air efficiently means you can turn down your air conditioner from its highest setting to save energy and still feel cool.
In winter, run ceiling fans with your forced-air heating system. Even distribution of heat will let you turn down your thermostat, saving money on heating bills. Insulate doors and windows during particularly cold months so your hard-won heat won't seep outside.