Solid State Air Conditioners: How Do They Work?

Peltier Effect

• The thermoelectric air conditioner works on Peltier Effect technology, named after the French watchmaker, Jean Peltier, who discovered the principle in 1834. Applying a direct current to two elements of a semiconductor produces cooling on one side and heating on the other. On one side, a drop of water may freeze; on the other side, the same drop of water may sizzle. The thermoelectric cooler or solid-state air conditioner requires several thermocouples in a series and a heat sink and fan combination to keep the Peltier element cool.

Uses

• Thermoelectric coolers or solid-state air conditioners are available for small closed areas such as personal computers or in large industrial electronics such as lasers and cameras. Some computer users rely on solid-state coolers with connecting fans to keep the computer cool for overclocking, or running the computer faster than manufacturer’s specifications. These little modules produce heat, making connecting fans essential, but can cool below the surrounding air temperature.

Advantages

• The solid-state cooler doesn't give off chlorofluorocarbons, often connected to ozone depletion. These units have no moving parts, no compressor to wear out and need no refrigerant. Solid-state cooling units are compact and lightweight, easily transported and installed. The solid-state air conditioner has low noise levels and low power requirements. Vibration is minimal, and with no moving parts but the fan, these units are low maintenance.

Disadvantages

• The Peltier module generates some heat and requires fans to remove the heat. The power depends on the size of the module, and too much power can create condensation in the area, harmful to electronics. Peltier cooling can be disastrous in the hands of an amateur, as a heat sink and thermal grease are essential. If you place the thermoelectric or solid-state cooler into a computer backward, you'll heat the central processing unit and cool the heat sink -- the opposite of the desired result.