Soils constituted primarily of sandy or silty particles are susceptible to liquefaction. The chance for liquefaction is magnified when these soils are saturated, as is often the condition of soils near bodies of water.
Soils with a clay content of at least 15 percent are considered generally immune to the ravages of liquefaction. Dry soils, regardless of content, are also not at risk of becoming liquefied.
During a traumatic event such as an earthquake, soil particles are compressed into a cohesive structure. This forces any moisture that was being held within the soil to the surface. The resulting effect is liquefaction.