A waterbed heater ensures a consistent water temperature. Some people prefer the feeling of cold water, however, for most people a heater is needed to keep the bed comfortable.
There are three types of waterbed units: a cap and bulb heater, which uses a copper wire filled with ethylene gas; a solid state heater, which uses a computer chip to regulate temperature; and a lower-wattage softside heater, which is designed specifically for softside beds.
The one type of waterbed that doesn't need a heater is a softside mattress with a pillowtop--the zip-up cover of the pillowtop is thick enough that you don't easily feel the cold.
It may take up to two days for a heater to completely warm up your waterbed. Keeping the mattress covered in blankets will help the bed warm up faster.
Unplug the heater when you're draining your mattress and don't plug it in until the mattress is full--a heater can easily burn a hole in an empty waterbed mattress.