Clean the chair with slightly soapy water and a rag or sponge. Inspect the clean chair for peeling paint, damage and rust. Scrape away flaking paint and rust with a scraper or steel brush.
Repair noticeable dents, holes and other damage. Use wood filler to repair holes and scratches if the chair is wood, and use epoxy putty to repair such flaws if the chair is metal. Follow the product manufacturer's directions for product use and drying time. Sand the dried wood filler or epoxy putty with sandpaper to create a smooth finish.
Cover the chair with a coat of primer. If the primer's instructions recommend applying a second coat of primer, then apply a second coat after the first coat dries. The chair's material dictates the kind of primer to use. For example, a plastic chair may require a primer made specifically for plastic.
Paint the chair one color at a time. Start with the lightest color of paint first, and let it dry before proceeding to the next darker color. Use paint appropriate for the chair's material. A wooden chair probably requires an oil-based paint, while a plastic chair may need a melamine paint or paint specifically formulated for plastic.