Remove the cushion from the chair. Open the side of the cushion that sits against the back of the chair. Some cushions have zippers here. Others require a seam ripper. If your cushion requires a seam ripper, carefully open the seam with the seam ripper by ripping through the stitches. Try not to tear the cushion cloth.
Pull out the old cushion foam. Using your tape measure, measure the length, height and width of the empty cushion. After you measure, add another inch to the length and width. For example, if your cushion is 30 inches wide, begin looking for foam that is 31 inches wide.
Go to an Arizona fabric store or craft store like Michael's to buy the new cushion foam. If you cannot find it at a craft store, look for it online.
Cut your new foam using a pair of very sharp scissors as necessary. Be sure to account for that additional inch.
Stuff the cushion carefully with the newly cut foam. Make sure that the corners of the foam extend all the way to the corners of the cushion and that there are no lumpy or wrinkled spots.
Zip the cushion closed. If your cushion does not have a zipper, you will need to sew the cushion shut. To do this, temporarily safety-pin the cushion foam inside, leaving about 1/2 inch of empty cushion to work with. Fold the two ends of the cushion seam inward on top of one another. Carefully sew them shut. Remove the safety pins.
Return the cushion to the chair with the newly stitched or zippered side facing the back of the chair.