Measure the height of the basement wall with a tape measure. You'll be checking to make sure your foam sheets will fit. If they're too long, score them with a utility knife and snap off the excess. If they're too short, you'll need to cut pieces from additional foam boards to add to the top.
Place construction adhesive on the back of the first panel. Place it in the corner and push the panel firmly against the wall until it stays in place.
Place the next panel so that it butts directly against the first panel, and continue until the wall is covered with foam panels.
Place a furring strip vertically at the intersection of the first two panels. Drill holes in the furring strip and into the masonry behind it every 12 inches, starting a couple of inches up from the bottom.
Insert screws into the holes and drive them into the masonry with a power screwdriver or drill with a screwdriver attachment.