Glue protective moisture-barrier board to the concrete wall with an adhesive that is able to adhere to foam board. Basic construction adhesive will not work. Use a knife to cut the boards to fit the wall if they are too long.
Lay 2-by-4 boards along the floor and against the wall you want to stud. Put the 4-inch side of the board on the floor. If you need to, cut a board to fit at the end. Use a circular saw to make the cut.
Drill masonry screws through boards on the 4-inch side. Screw them into the floor with a hammer drill.
Secure 2-by-4 boards to the top of the wall. Use a drill to screw the boards into the ceiling where it meets the wall.
Measure the distance between the floor and the ceiling.
Cut more 2-by-4s to fit the height from ceiling to floor. Measure the boards and cut them with a circular saw.
Screw one of the 2-by-4s that you just cut into the corner, placing it between the top and bottom boards. Move out from the corner, attaching more of the boards and spacing them 16 inches apart. Screw them into the top and bottom boards. Set them so that the 2-inch sides are facing out from the wall. Use a level to ensure that they are straight.