Assess the foundation of the stairway. Check the stringers, or the outer pieces on which the stairs sit, by tapping on them with a hammer. If the brackets, bolts or nails rattle, replace the hardware. If any cracks or areas of rot are present, the stringers need to be fully replaced. If this is the case, dismantle the stairs carefully, keeping the stringers intact. Use the old pieces as a pattern to create a new set of stringers. Install with new L-brackets to secure to the landing.
Identify any rotten steps or risers. Remove these pieces carefully with a claw hammer. Use the old pieces as a pattern or guide to create new steps and risers. Lay the old piece on a fresh piece of wood and draw around it. Cut with a circular saw. Put the new step or riser in place with 3-inch nails to secure to each stringer.
Refinish the steps. Apply a chemical stripper to any old finish, wait for it to bubble and wipe away with a rag. Paint or varnish the entire area so all parts match and appear fresh and new.