What Is the Typical Density of Wood in PCF?

Measuring Density

• To express density mathematically, you use the formula Density = mass / volume. In the United States, the density of wood is expressed in pounds per cubic foot (pcf). In the formula, that would be Density of Wood = pounds / cubic foot. Wood density is typically measured when the wood is dry, not green.

Densities of Softwoods

• Softwood refers to lumber that comes from conifers. Douglas fir's average density ranges from 27 to 31 pcf, silver and balsam firs have a density of 26 pcf, as do hemlock and spruce. The many species of pine range from 23 to 39 pcf. Cedar has a variety of densities, from the soft northern white cedar at 19 pcf to the more dense eastern red cedar at 31 pcf.

Densities of Hardwoods

• Some hardwoods are quite dense, others are similar to softwoods. Some of the less dense hardwoods are aspen (25 pcf), cherry (26 pcf) and poplar (21 pcf). Medium density woods include walnut (35 pcf), maple (31 to 42 pcf), elm (34 to 41 pcf) and birch (34 to 44 pcf). Oak, a common wood used in building construction, ranges from 41 pcf for red oak to 61 pcf for live oak. High-density woods include ironwood (67 to 81 pcf), greenheart (67 to 77 pcf) and satinwood (64 pcf).

Why Density Matters

• Density may not be the first concern that comes to mind when selecting lumber. Typically, however, the greater the density of wood the more expensive it will be. Denser woods also wear tools such as drill bits down faster and — because they are heavier — require more effort to transport. Still, they tend to be stronger and withstand the elements better than wood of lower density.